Sunday, January 27, 2013

Nozick

Against nozick 
Proportionalality principle of distribution according to talents, and efforts.

Nozick argues that people have absolute self ownership. And further he argues that all products from ones labor also belong to the person. And further any voluntary transfer of these money or estates are just as well. Now let's see where we may criticise his theory. 

Firstly, we may examine wether the absolute self ownership stands. It is in fact relies on a natural right theory which is a old one. It is rhetoric expression of the intuitive belief about self ownership. It does not offer any substantive or justifictary  support as our common intuition about self ownership. It is an assumption. I admit it's validity even without the theory of natural right. I also admit it as a fact that the content of people's self ownership vary from one to another. I see them as natural lucks. So far so good. As the premise of justification or as the starting point for hypothetical parties, these assumption and fact do not show its moral significance. But when we see them by looking at their actual or potential effect on people's cooperation and thereby individual fates within society, we will see something significantly different. 

The point is our understanding of the society. Here I understand the society as a cooperative system through which people aim to obtain higher gain than they would on his own. It means the society should be at least proportionally beneficial to all of them according to their talents and distribution. Cohen and Otsuka have criticised Nozick on self ownership and distribution of world ownership. Here I would not discuss much about a fairer original distribution of world ownership. I would focus on the transfer part, where the improper differentiating effect of luck is exposed. 

According to the idea of a cooperative society, no matter what talent people have originally, they all want to benefit from the cooperation. The market is the considered best 



Saturday, January 12, 2013

语不惊人死不休

思想和语言上的创造性是我永恒的追求。 要做到这点必须不懈地努力和无条件地自信。努力和自信缺一不可。

Schedule

I am going to finish the first draft of my PhD thesis by the end of May, 2012. I still have 4.5 months to do that. I need to complete one chapter in each 20 days. Can I ? I would do my best to achieve that even though the draft is not good enough. Then I would have two month to revise the draft to submit a better and united draft to my supervisor by the end of August, 2012. Once I got the complete first draft I would be able to refine these chapters in details and present them in various occasions and consider to publish some of them before I graduate. I hope the final draft could be done by March, 2014 and then I may graduate in July, 2014. Before I graduate I hope I have find the job in China or other places. This is the master plan for the following 1.5 years. I must do my best to achieve it. Life is tough and I have to work hard. To complete a PhD thesis is not easy but since others have done it I can do it as well. I make myself in the state of thinking and writing. Be hard working and productive.

Tuesday, August 21, 2012

Xiao-Li Meng was chair of Department of Statistics


Xiao-Li Meng, Ph.D. ’90, the Whipple V.N. Jones Professor of Statistics and chair of the Department of Statistics, has been named dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS) at Harvard University, effective Aug. 15.
Meng succeeds Allan M. Brandt, the Amalie Moses Kass Professor of the History of Medicine and professor of the history of science, as permanent dean. Brandt stepped down in February to begin treatment for an illness.Richard J. Tarrant, Pope Professor of the Latin Language and Literature, served as interim dean of GSAS following Brandt’s departure.
As Statistics Department chair since 2004, Meng has overseen a dramatic expansion of the department, as the number of undergraduate concentrators has grown from a single digit to more than 70, and the department’s core undergraduate courses have surged in popularity. He also has worked closely with alumni and alumnae to raise funds to establish the first endowed biennial distinguished teaching lecture series, junior faculty/teaching fellow awards (David Pickard Memorial Fund), and graduate student research awards (Art Dempster Fund) in statistics.
Meng has been a leader in encouraging connections between disciplines at a time when the importance of statistical analysis has been broadly recognized, and as breakthroughs in fields ranging from genetics to astronomy have demanded more-sophisticated data crunching. He and his colleagues have conducted projects with faculty and students in biology, medicine, chemistry, engineering, economic and health policy — and even history and language, making statistics one of Harvard’s most interdisciplinary departments.
“I am delighted to welcome Xiao-Li Meng as the new dean of the Graduate School,” said Michael D. Smith, dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences (FAS). “His passion for teaching and learning, his interdisciplinary application of the tools of statistical analysis to topics as varied as climate change, medicine, and astrophysics, and his innovative, entrepreneurial approach as a scholar and an educator — all of this gives him a uniquely creative vision for what graduate education ought to accomplish today and in the future. I expect that he will lead our graduate programs with the same dynamic curiosity that defined his tenure as Statistics chair, and that he’ll continue building on the excellent work of his predecessors, particularly Allan Brandt.”
“In his scholarship, his pedagogy, and his mentorship of graduate students and undergraduates alike, Xiao-Li Meng is a true innovator,” said PresidentDrew Faust. “He has brought a remarkable energy and enthusiasm to his role as a leader in an increasingly critical field, one that helps shape new knowledge across Harvard’s diverse intellectual landscape. He will make an outstanding steward for our Graduate School and advocate for its students.”
“Harvard has been a dream school for generations of students around the world. GSAS made my dream come true by providing me with full financial support when I was literally a village boy on the other side of the globe,” said Meng. “I am therefore deeply grateful to Dean Smith for providing me with this tremendous opportunity to work directly with him and the many other Harvard leaders, especially President Faust and Provost [Alan] Garber, and with our incomparable faculty, dedicated staff, exceptional students, and accomplished alumni to continue and enhance the Harvard legacy, including making the possibility of the Harvard dream realizable by many diverse students from every corner of the globe.”
“I also look forward to continuing Allan Brandt’s legacy, of which I am a direct beneficiary,” said Meng, who recently returned to campus after co-teaching a study-abroad course in Shanghai this summer.
“Like Allan, Xiao-Li recognizes and celebrates the ways in which graduate and undergraduate education work in tandem, with graduate students and undergraduates directly benefiting each other,” Smith said. “This is best exemplified in the Gen Ed course he developed with his graduate students.”
The course Meng just co-taught in Shanghai was a summer-school variation of the Gen Ed course EMR 16, “Real-Life Statistics: Your Chance for Happiness (or Misery),” a course designed by him and a dozen graduate students (known as the “happy team”), partially via the Graduate Seminars in General Education program that Brandt established. The pioneering project of directly involving graduate students in designing undergraduate courses, and hence providing them with hands-on pedagogical training — together with Meng’s other innovations such as a yearlong required course on teaching and communication skills for all first-year Ph.D. students (STAT 303, “The Art and Practice of Teaching Statistics”) — contributed substantially to his department’s winning, in 2008, a $25,000 GSAS Dean’s Prize for Innovations in Graduate Education at Harvard.
Meng is one of Harvard’s leading voices on pedagogical innovation, working to make the Department of Statistics a laboratory for educational experiments whose common theme involves the vital connections and mutually rewarding pathways between research and teaching. Ph.D. students in statistics have been among the winners of the Derek C. Bok Award for Excellence in Graduate Student Teaching in each year since the award was created in 2007.
As part of his efforts to promote exceptional teaching and learning on campus, Meng has also served on the FAS Committee on Pedagogical Improvement (2004-10) and the FAS Task Force on Teaching and Career Development (2006-07). He is a recipient of numerous research and teaching awards, including the 2001 COPSS (Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies) Award for being “the outstanding statistician under the age of forty” and the 1997-1998 University of Chicago Faculty Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching.
Born in Shanghai, Meng received a B.S. in mathematics (1982) and a diploma in graduate study of mathematical statistics (1986), both from Fudan University in Shanghai. He received his Ph.D. in statistics from Harvard in 1990. From 1991 to 2001, when he came to Harvard, Meng was assistant, associate, and then full professor in the Department of Statistics at the University of Chicago. He remains affiliated with the University of Chicago as a faculty member of its Center for Health Statistics.

Monday, August 6, 2012

the relevance between private concerns and public concerns

generally we think that individuals are inevitably related with the society or others but this general remark simply ignores the private domain of individuals where individuals have their ultimate sovereignity. individuals have absolute freedom to decide how to live their own private life with any social inteference. they are related to the society and obligated to comply with social rules only when their actions are related with interests of others.

Thursday, August 18, 2011

Austin's model of law

Austin holds a positivist conception of law. According to him, law is a general command of a sovereign. There are two crucial components in his definition of law. First, a sovereign is a body of society who delivers command but has no need to abbey others. It is seen A's the pedigree or source of legitimacy of law. Second, the command given by a sovereign must be in a general sense, that is, the command must be valid for all. It is opposite to particular command that is effective in particular situation. But there is also doubt about the existence of particular command and it is claimed that any so called particular commands are also general commands. They are general in the sense that they are effective to some class of action or person.

Austin, A's a positivist, deny the necessary connection between law and morality. The legitimacy of law does not depends on whether the content of law is morally good or bad but on the source where it originates, that is, the sovereign delivering the command. A command is the expression of a wish backed up by a sanction. A sanction is supposed to be against evil of desire. Do not murder. This is a command which must be complied because it is delivered by a sovereign. Once some one destroys it, she will be sanctioned. The duty of not murdering is imposed by the command. So, we call it duty-imposing rules.

Hart, though A's a positivist, has criticism against Austin. He develops a kind of power-conferring rules which is excluded by Austin's model. For example, getting married is also a legal issue but the law does not command everyone to get married. It applies to you only when you choose to get married. Some say that the nullity or invalidity of particular conduct is also a sanction. If one do not sign contract, the contract will be invalid and the desired goal will not be realized without protection of law. But nullify need not be an evil or undesirable. Some may welcome the nullity of marriage. Not all desirable thing are necessarily sanction. For example, to relieve the pain of my teeth, I go to have a dental surgery. The pain of surgery is not a sanction because of my intention.